General

Scientific Names: Croton tiglium L.

Common Names: Ba Dou, Ba Ren, Jiang Zi, Ba Guo, Hong Zi Ren.

BOTANICAL:

巴豆 巴豆

本品为大戟科植物巴豆Croton tiglium L. 的干燥成熟果实。秋季果实成熟时采收,堆置2~3天,摊开,干燥。

植物形态: 常绿小乔木。树皮深灰色,平滑,幼枝绿色,疏生星状毛。叶互生,卵形或长圆状卵形,长5-12cm,宽3-7cm,先端长尖,边缘有细齿,近基部有2腺体,两面疏生星状毛,基出3脉。花小,单性同株;总状花序顶生,雄花在上,雌花在下;雄花绿色,花萼5深裂,花瓣5,反卷,雄蕊15-20;雌花无花瓣,子房圆形,花柱3,顶端2叉。蒴果卵形,长约2cm,有3钝棱,密生星状毛。种子3粒。花期3-5月,果期7-9月。
生于村边、旷野、溪旁、林缘。主产四川、云南、广西、贵州、湖北。

生药材鉴定:干燥种于呈椭圆形或卵形,略扁,长约1~1.5厘米,直径约6~9毫米,厚约4~7 毫米,表面灰棕色至棕色,平滑而少光泽。种阜在种脐的一端,为一细小突起,易脱落。合点在另一端,合点与种阜间有种脊,为一略隆起的纵棱线。横断面略呈方形,种皮薄而坚脆,剥去后,可见种仁,外包膜状银白色的外胚乳。内胚乳肥厚,淡黄色,油质。中央有菲薄的子叶2枚。胚根细小,朝向种阜的一端。气无,味微涩,而后有持久辛辣感。以个大、饱满、种仁色白者佳。粒较空、种仁泛油变色者质次。显微鉴定: 粉末:深棕色。①种皮厚壁栅状细胞(内种皮外表皮)1列,棕色或深棕色,断面观细长柱形,稍弧状偏弯,末端平整或钝圆,长162~432μm,壁极厚,孔沟极细密,胞腔线形。有的充满深棕色物;表面观多角形。②种皮薄壁栅状细胞(外种皮内表皮)1列,断面观类长方形,长63~90μm,宽9~36 μm,壁稍厚,径向壁细波状弯曲;表面观类圆形,细胞间隙类三角形,大而明显。③种皮表皮细胞(外种皮外表皮)淡黄色,表面观多角形,有不规则纹理,胞腔含有标色物或颗粒状物;断面观类长圆形,外被角质层。此外,内胚乳及子叶细胞充满糊粉粒,拟晶体及拟球体可见,并含脂肪油滴;有的含草酸钙簇晶,直径7~31μm,还有外胚乳颓废组织等。 本品以个大、饱满、种仁色黄白者为佳。

 

 

Pharmacology

化学成分: 种子含巴豆油(Croton oil)34~57%,其中含巴豆油酸(Crotonic acid)、巴豆酸(Tiglic acid),以及由棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、巴豆油酸、巴豆酸等所成的甘油酯,巴豆醇一12,13一二酯(其量约占巴豆油的4%),巴豆醇三酯(经酸性转酯反应可转变成巴豆醇一12,13一二酯,其量亦约占巴豆油的4%)。巴豆油中的巴豆醇二酯(Phorbol diester)有十多种,都有不同程度的促致癌作用。巴豆醇酯是巴豆树脂中的主要成分。种子还含一种毒性球蛋白称巴豆毒素(Crotin),以及巴豆甙(Crotonoside即2一羟基一6 一氨基嘌呤核糖甙)、生物碱、B一谷甾醇等。种子含巴豆油53%~57%,蛋白质18%。蛋白质中含巴豆毒蛋白(crotin),是一种类似蓖麻子毒蛋白的物质,为巴豆白朊及巴豆球队朊的混合物;另含巴豆甙(crotonoside)、氨基酸及酶等。巴豆油为油酸(约37%)、亚油酸(约19%)、肉豆蔻酸(约7.45%)、花生酸(约1.5%)、棕榈酸(约0.9%)、硬脂酸(约0.3%)、月桂酸(约0.05%)、巴豆油酸(crotonic acid)及顺芷酸 (巴豆酸,tiglic acid)等的甘油酯;油中尚含强制激性(具泻下作用)和致癌成分,为亲水性的巴豆醇(phorbol)的双酯化合物,已分离的化合物称为巴豆油因子(croton oil factor),分A组和B组,A组系巴豆醇结合的脂肪酸在C12上为长链,在C12上为短链;B 组则相反。此外,尚含疏水性的4-去氧 -4α-巴豆醇(4-deoxy-4α-phornol)的三酯化合物,但其刺激性和致癌性很小。

  1. Block S, et al., Diterpenes from the leaves of Croton zambesicus. Phytochemistry. 2004 Apr; 65(8):1165-71.
  2. Graikou K, et al., New diterpenes from Croton insularis. J Nat Prod. 2004 Apr; 67(4):685-8.
  3. Chen XG, et al., Cancer chemopreventive activities of S-3-1, a synthetic derivative of danshinone. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2001; 3(1):63-75.



 

Efficacy

 

IN VITRO:

  1. Wang Z, et al., [The carcinogenesis of human cytomegalovirus to mouse cervix]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi. 1997 Mar; 11(1):24-6. Chinese.
  2. Lopes MI, et al., Mutagenic and antioxidant activities of Croton lechleri sap in biological systems. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Dec; 95(2-3):437-45.
  3. Melo PS, et al., Natural killer cell activity and anti-tumour effects of dehydrocrotonin and its synthetic derivatives. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004 Mar 8; 487(1-3):47-54.
  4. Freire AC, et al., Influence of protein phosphatase inhibitors on HL60 cells death induction by dehydrocrotonin. Leuk Res. 2003 Sep; 27(9):823-9.
  5. Sommit D, et al., Cytotoxic activity of natural labdanes and their semi-synthetic modified derivatives from Croton oblongifolius. Planta Med. 2003 Feb; 69(2):167-70.
  6. Sandoval M, et al., Sangre de grado Croton palanostigma induces apoptosis in human gastrointestinal cancer cells. J Ethnopharmacol. 2002 May; 80(2-3):121-9.
  7. Ohuchi K, et al., alpha-Tocopherol inhibits 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-stimulated deacylation of cellular lipids, prostaglandin production, and changes in cell morphology of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1980 Jul 14; 619(1):11-9.
  8. Stirpe F, et al., Studies on the proteins from the seeds of Croton tiglium and of Jatropha curcas. Toxic properties and inhibition of protein synthesis in vitro. Biochem J. 1976 Apr 15; 156(1):1-6.
  9. Hecker E. Cocarcinogenic principles from the seed oil of Croton tiglium and from other Euphorbiaceae. Cancer Res. 1968 Nov;28(11):2338-49.
  10. Van Duuren BL, et al., Tumor-promoting agents from Croton tiglium L. and their mode of action. Cancer Res. 1968 Nov; 28(11):2349-56. Review.
  11. Van Duuren BL, et al., The tumor-enhancing principles of Croton tiglium L. II. A comparative study. Cancer Res. 1966 Aug; 26(8):1729-33.
  12. Van Dunnre BL, et al., The tumor-enhancing principles of Croton tiglium L. Cancer Res. 1965 Dec; 25(11):1871-5.



 

IN VIVO:

  1. Wang Z, et al., [The carcinogenesis of human cytomegalovirus to mouse cervix]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi. 1997 Mar; 11(1):24-6. Chinese.
  2. Prasad L, et al., Modulatory effect of Morus indica against two-stage skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice: possible mechanism by inhibiting aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2004 Oct; 56(10):1291-8.
  3. Kupchan SM, et al., Antileukemic principles isolated from euphorbiaceae plants. Science. 1976 Feb 13; 191(4227):571-2.




Safety

用药忌宜: 无寒实积滞、孕妇及体弱者忌服。

 
   
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