General

Scientific Names: Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Common Names: Cai Dou, Si Ji Dou, Yun Dou, Yu Dou, Bean, Common Bean, Caraota, Feijao, French bean, Kidney bean, Haricot bean, Field bean, Poroto, Snap bean, String bean, Frijol, Wax bean.

BOTANICAL:

敏豆

Highly polymorphic species; annual herb, erect and bushy, 20–60 cm tall, or twining with stems 2–3 m long; with a taproot and nitrogenous nodules; (although the germinating bean has a tap root, adventitious roots usually emerge 1–2 days after germination, to dominate the tap root which remains 10–15 cm long); leaves alternate, green or purple, trifoliolate, stipulate, petiolate, a marked pulvinus at base; leaflets ovate, entire; acuminate, 6–15 cm long, 3–11 cm wide; flowers in lax, axillary few-flowered (12) racemes, zygomorphic, variegated, white, pink, or purplish, ca 1 cm long; pods slender, green, yellow, black, or purple, cylindrical or flat, 8–20 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide; seeds 4–6-(12), usually glabrous, sometimes puberulent, beak prominent; seeds white, red, tan, purple, grey or black, often variegated, reniform, oblong or globose, up to 1.5 cm long, endosperm absent; 100 seeds weigh 10–67 g, depending on cv; germination phanerocotylar.

Beans harvested as snap or green beans are of two types, bush and pole--or climbers. Bush beans are nonclimbing plants 15 to 20 inches tall and set the pods and reach harvest in a short season. Pole beans are trained on stakes or trellis, grow to 10 feet, and blossom and set pods over a long season. Pods on both types are 5 to 10 inches long and are harvested while seeds are immature. Some varieties are termed wax beans.

The common bean is the most important economic variety of the genus Phaseolus, and is grown in all parts of the world. It requires much warmth and sun. Cool weather and wind hamper the growth. Medium heavy or light soils are preferred.

一年生草本，茎缠绕或直立，有短柔毛。羽状三出复叶；顶生小叶阔卵形或菱状卵形，长5～15厘米，宽4～10厘米，先端急尖或渐尖，基部圆形或阔楔形，全缘，两面叶脉上有毛；侧生小叶斜卵形；托叶卵状披针形，基部着生；小托叶披针形。总状花序腋生，通常数花生于总花梗顶端或靠近顶端；苞片卵形，小苞片有几条隆起的脉；花萼钟状，萼齿5，二唇形；花冠白色、淡紫色或黄色，旗瓣扁椭圆形或肾形，有短爪，翼瓣匙形，基部有爪：龙骨瓣先端卷曲1～2圈；子房条形。荚果圆柱形，肿胀或稍扁，长10～15厘米，宽0.8～2厘米，顶端有喙；种子长圆形或肾形，长约1.5厘米，白色、褐色或蓝黑色，光亮。 花期6～7月；果期8～9月。

生境分布: 广泛种植于温带地区。

 

Pharmacology

Beans are a high nutritive, relatively low-cost protein food. Green snap beans contain 6.2% protein, 0.2% fat, and 63% carbohydrate. Analysis of a sample of dried beans marketed under the name 'Rajmah' gave the following values: moisture, 12.0%; protein, 22.9%; fat, 1.3%; carbohydrates, 60.6%; and minerals, 3.2%; Ca, 260mg; P, 410 mg; and iron, 5.8mg; 346 calories/100g. The vitamin contents of the dried beans are: thiamine, 0.6; riboflavin, 0.2; nicotinic acid, 2.5; and ascorbic acid, 2.0mg/100. Analysis of dried beans from another source yielded: Na, 43.2; K, 1160; Ca, 180; Mg, 183; Fe, 6.6; Cu, 0.61; P, 309; S, 166; and Cl, 1.8mg/100g. Beans also contain I (1.4 mg/100g), Mn (1.8mg/100g), and arsenic (0.03mg/100g). Raw immature pods of green, and yellow or wax snap beans are reported to contain per 100g, 32 and 27 calories, 90.1 and 91.4g moisture, 1.9 and 1.7g protein, 0.2g fat, 7.1 and 6.0g total carbohydrate, 1.0g fiber, and 0.7g ash, respectively. Raw pods of kidney beans contain (per 100 g edible portion): 150 calories, 60.4% moisture, 9.8g protein, 0.3g fat, 27.8g total carbohydrate, 2.3g fiber, 1.7 g ash, 59mg Ca, 213mg P, 3.6mg Fe, 10mg vitamin A, 0.38mg thiamine, 0.12mg riboflavin, 1.5mg niacin, 7mg ascorbic acid. Raw dried mature seeds of white, red, and pinto beans are reported to contain per 100g: 340, 343, and 349 calories, 10.9, 10.4, and 8.3% moisture, 22.3, 22.5, and 22.9g protein, 1.6, 1.5, and 1.2g fat, 61.3, 61.9, and 63.7 g total carbohydrate, 4.3, 4.2, and 4.3g fiber, 3.9, 3.7, and 3.9g ash, respectively. Whole seeds of kidney beans contain (per 100 g): 86 mg Ca, 247mg P, 716 mg Fe, 5 m g vitamin A, 0.54mg thiamine, 0.19mg riboflavin, 2.1 mg niacin, 3 mg ascorbic acid. Whole seeds cooked contain: 141 calories, 68.0% moisture, 5.9 g protein, 5.7g fat, 17.9g total carbohydrate, 1.1g fiber, 2.5g ash, 46mg Ca, 120mg P, and 1.9mg Fe. Raw leaves contain (per 100 g): 36 calories, 86.8% moisture, 3.6g protein, 0.4g fat, 6.6g total carbohydrate, 2.8g fiber, 2.6g ash, 2 74mg Ca, 75 mg P, 9.2mg Fe, 3,230mg b -carotene equivalent, 0.18mg thiamine, 0.06 mg riboflavin, 1.3mg niacin, 110mg ascorbic acid. After harvest, plants can be fed to cattle, sheep, and horses. It is satisfactory as a part of the roughage when fed with good hay and is comparable to corn and sorghum fodder in nutritive value. Analysis of a sample gave the following values: moisture, 10.9; protein, 6.1; fat, 1.4; N-free extract, 34.1; fiber, 40.1; ash, 7.4; Ca, 1.7; P, 0.1; K, 1.0; digestible protein, 3.0; and total digestible nutrients, 45.2%; nutritive ratio, 14.1. After pod removal, silage may be prepared from green vines. Dehydrated bean vine meal prepared from green plants after pod removal is comparable to alfalfa meal as a vitamin supplement for chicks. It contains protein, 18.3; digestible protein, 12.3; and total digestible nutrients, 46.3%; nutritive ratio, 2.8. Meal made from vines with mature leaves is inferior in quality. Leaves contain carotene (178.8 mg/100 g), thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, folic acid, and pantothenic acid. They contain also a quercetin glycoside. The hull is said to yield 0.13% rubber. The leaves, are said to contain allantoin.

  1. Boue SM, et al., Evaluation of the estrogenic effects of legume extracts containing phytoestrogens. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Apr 9; 51(8):2193-9.
  2. Reynoso-Camacho R, et al., Purification and acute toxicity of a lectin extracted from tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius). Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Jan; 41(1):21-7.
  3. Jasiulionis MG, et al., alpha6beta1-Integrin, a major cell surface carrier of beta1-6-branched oligosaccharides, mediates migration of EJ-ras-transformed fibroblasts on laminin-1 independently of its glycosylation state. Cancer Res. 1996 Apr 1; 56(7):1682-9.
  4. Ito N, et al., Histochemical demonstration of different types of poly-N-acetyllactosamine structures in human thyroid neoplasms using lectins and endo-beta-galactosidase digestion. Histochem J. 1995 Aug; 27(8):620-9.
  5. Li WP, et al., Use of Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating lectin in histochemical and blotting techniques: a comparison of digoxigenin- and biotin-labelled lectins. Histochemistry. 1993 Nov; 100(5):347-56.

 

Efficacy

IN VITRO:

  1. Ribeiro LR, et al., Dietary components may prevent mutation-related diseases in humans. Mutat Res. 2003 Nov; 544(2-3):195-201. Review.
  2. Ciolczyk-Wierzbicka D, et al., Carbohydrate moieties of N-cadherin from human melanoma cell lines. Acta Biochim Pol. 2002; 49(4):991-8.
  3. Przybylo M, et al., Different glycosylation of cadherins from human bladder non-malignant and cancer cell lines. Cancer Cell Int. 2002 Jun 18; 2(1):6.
  4. Laack E, et al., Lectin histochemistry of resected adenocarcinoma of the lung: helix pomatia agglutinin binding is an independent prognostic factor. Am J Pathol. 2002 Mar; 160(3):1001-8.
  5. Pryme IF, et al., Anti-cancer therapy: diversion of polyamines in the gut. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001 Sep; 13(9):1041-6.
  6. Litynska A, et al., Comparison of the lectin-binding pattern in different human melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res. 2001 Jun; 11(3):205-12.
  7. Lazaris AC, et al., Lectin histochemistry as a predictor of dysplasia grade in colorectal adenomas. Pathol Oncol Res. 2000; 6(4):265-71.
  8. Pryme IF, et al., The growth of an established murine non-Hodgkin lymphoma tumour is limited by switching to a phytohaemagglutinin-containing diet. Cancer Lett. 1999 Nov 1; 146(1):87-91.
  9. Yamamoto H, et al., Beta1,6-N-acetylglucosamine-bearing N-glycans in human gliomas: implications for a role in regulating invasivity. Cancer Res. 2000 Jan 1; 60(1):134-42.
  10. Suzuki O, et al., Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating lectin-binding reactivity in human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its relevance to the patient's clinical outcome: lectin histochemistry and lectin blot analysis. Pathol Int. 1999 Oct; 49(10):874-80.
  11. Timoshenko AV, et al., NO-dependent regulation of lectin- and menadione-induced H2O2 production by cells from pleural effusions of lung cancer patients and by immune cells. Int J Oncol. 1999 Apr; 14(4):793-8.
  12. Mori S, et al., A novel evaluation system of metastatic potential of oral squamous cell carcinoma according to the histopathological and histochemical grading. Oral Oncol. 1998 Nov; 34(6):549-57.
  13. Seelentag WK, et al., Prognostic value of beta1,6-branched oligosaccharides in human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1998 Dec 1; 58(23):5559-64.
  14. Pryme IF, et al., The induction of gut hyperplasia by phytohaemagglutinin in the diet and limitation of tumour growth. Histol Histopathol. 1998 Apr; 13(2):575-83. Review.
  15. Mitchell BS, et al., Do HPA and PHA-L have the same binding pattern in metastasizing human breast and colon cancers? Cancer Lett. 1998 Jan 16; 123(1):113-9.
  16. Lorea P, et al., In vitro characterization of lectin-induced alterations on the proliferative activity of three human melanoma cell lines. Melanoma Res. 1997 Oct; 7(5):353-63.
  17. Li WP, et al., Expression of beta 1,6 branched asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in non-mitotic and non-migratory cells of normal human and rat tissues. Int J Cancer. 1997 May 2; 71(3):483-90.
  18. Rebbaa A, et al., Gene transfection-mediated overexpression of beta1,4-N-acetylglucosamine bisecting oligosaccharides in glioma cell line U373 MG inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor function. J Biol Chem. 1997 Apr 4; 272(14):9275-9.
  19. Kiss R, et al., In vitro influence of Phaseolus vulgaris, Griffonia simplicifolia, concanavalin A, wheat germ, and peanut agglutinins on HCT-15, LoVo, and SW837 human colorectal cancer cell growth. Gut. 1997 Feb; 40(2):253-61.
  20. Rebbaa A, et al., Binding of erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris to the epidermal growth factor receptor inhibits receptor function in the human glioma cell line, U373 MG. J Neurochem. 1996 Dec; 67(6):2265-72.
  21. Tanda N, et al., Expression of Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin-binding oligosaccharides in oral squamous cell carcinoma: possible association with the metastatic potential. Pathol Int. 1996 Sep; 46(9):639-45.
  22. Taeda Y, et al., Expression of L-PHA-binding proteins in breast cancer: reconstitution and molecular characterization of beta 1-6 branched oligosaccharides in three-dimensional cell culture. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1996; 38(3):313-24.
  23. Li WP, et al., Cytochemical staining for beta 1,6 branching of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in variants of metastatic human colon carcinoma cells. Am J Pathol. 1994 Aug; 145(2):470-80.
  24. Sarker AB, et al., Lectin histochemistry of normal lung and pulmonary carcinoma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 1994 Jan; 37(1):29-38.
  25. Laws ER Jr, et al., Migration of human malignant astrocytoma cells in the mammalian brain: Scherer revisited. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1993 Oct; 11(5):691-7.
  26. Bernstern JJ, et al., Human-specific c-neu proto-oncogene protein overexpression in human malignant astrocytomas before and after xenografting. J Neurosurg. 1993 Feb; 78(2):240-51.
  27. Hendriks HG, et al., Binding of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) isolectins to differentiated human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells and their effect on cellular metabolism. Gut. 1991 Feb; 32(2):196-201.
  28. Ohta H, et al., Characterization of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase from human pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 1990; 5(1):82-90.


IN VIVO:

  1. Bilyy RO, et al., Lectinocytochemical detection of apoptotic murine leukemia L1210 cells. Cytometry. 2003 Dec; 56A(2):89-95.
  2. Hangen L, et al., Consumption of black beans and navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) reduced azoxymethane-induced colon cancer in rats. Nutr Cancer. 2002; 44(1):60-5.
  3. Kuwabara M, et al., Effect of germanium, poly-trans-[2-carboxyethyl] germasesquioxane on natural killer (NK) activity in dogs. J Vet Med Sci. 2002 Aug; 64(8):719-21.
  4. Nagatani M, et al., Spontaneous eosinophilic granulated round cell tumors in rats. Vet Pathol. 2001 May; 38(3):317-24.
  5. Chan FL, et al., Analysis of glycoconjugate patterns of normal and hormone-induced dysplastic Noble rat prostates, and an androgen-independent Noble rat prostate tumor, by lectin histochemistry and protein blotting.Prostate. 2001 Jan 1; 46(1):21-32.
  6. Li WP, et al., Expression of beta 1,6 branched asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in non-mitotic and non-migratory cells of normal human and rat tissues. Int J Cancer. 1997 May 2; 71(3):483-90.
  7. Takada N, et al., S-methylcysteine and cysteine are inhibitors of induction of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci during initiation and promotion phases of rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1997 May; 88(5):435-42.
  8. Cella N, et al., The lysosomal-associated membrane protein LAMP-1 is a novel differentiation marker for HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells. Differentiation. 1996 Dec; 61(2):113-20.
  9. Key FB, et al., Tissue hypertrophy and epithelial proliferation rate in the gut of rats fed on bread and haricot beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Br J Nutr. 1996 Aug; 76(2):273-86.
  10. Kawakami H, et al., Involvement of N-acetyl-lactosamine-containing sugar structures in the liver metastasis of mouse colon carcinoma (colon 26) cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994 Nov-Dec; 9(6):567-71.
  11. Hirota M, et al., Purification and analysis of glycoproteins bearing blood group-A determinants from hamster pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.Carcinogenesis. 1992 Oct; 13(10):1829-33.
  12. Goldberg WJ, et al., Individual C6 glioma cells migrate in adult rat brain after neural homografting. Int J Dev Neurosci. 1991; 9(4):427-37.
  13. Bernstein JJ, et al., Human malignant astrocytoma xenografts migrate in rat brain: a model for central nervous system cancer research. J Neurosci Res. 1989 Feb; 22(2):134-43.


CLINICAL:

  1. Suzuki O, et al., Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinating lectin-binding reactivity in human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and its relevance to the patient's clinical outcome: lectin histochemistry and lectin blot analysis. Pathol Int. 1999 Oct; 49(10):874-80.
  2. Braut-Boucher F, et al., T lymphocytes from Sezary syndrome patients express beta1 integrins whose beta(1-6)-branched N-linked oligosaccharides reflect their adhesive capacity. Leuk Res. 1998 Oct; 22(10):947-52.

 

Safety

The roots are reported to cause giddiness in human beings and animals. Seeds are reported to contain trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors. After eating only a few raw beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) or dried beans (P. coccineus) , three boys, 4 to 8 years old rapidly developed symptoms of poisoning, notably sickness and diarrhea. Phasin, a toxalbumin destroyed by cooking, was considered responsible. All boys had normal aminotransferase values and parenteral treatment with fluid and electrolytes let to complete recovery in 12 to 24 hours.

　
   
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