General

Scientific Names: Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. ex Fr.) Karst.

Common Names: Ling Zhi, Hong Zhi, Chi Zhi, Mu Ling Zhi, Dan Zhi, Jun Ling Zhi, Xian Zhi, Xian Cao, Rui Cao, Huan Yang Cao.

 

BOTANICAL:

来源: 为多孔蓖科真菌灵芝Ganoderma Iucidum (Leyss.ex Fr.) Karst. 的子实体。

植物形态: 菌盖木栓质，肾形，红褐、红紫或暗紫色，具漆样光泽，有环状棱纹和辐射状皱纹，大小及形态变化很大，大型个体的菌盖为20×10cm，厚约2cm，一般个体为4×3cm，厚0.5～1cm，下面有无数小孔，管口呈白色或淡褐色，每毫米内有4～5个，管口圆形，内壁为子实层，孢子产生于担子顶端。菌柄侧生，极少偏生，长于菌盖直径，紫褐色至黑色，有漆样光泽，坚硬。孢子卵圆形，8～11×7cm，壁两层，内壁褐色，表面有小疣，外壁透明无色。

性状: 子实体中等至大型。菌盖半圆形，肾形或近圆形，木栓质，人工栽培是子实体宽5-15cm，厚0.8-1cm，红褐色并有油漆光泽，菌盖上具有环状棱纹和辐射状皱纹，边缘薄，往往内卷。菌肉白色至淡褐色，管孔面初期白色，后期变浅褐色，褐色，平均每毫米3—5个，柄侧生，与菌盖近垂直，少数偏生呈扇状，长宽8-15cm，粗1-3cm，紫褐色，有光泽，生于阔叶树伐木桩旁。 气特殊，味微苦涩。

资源分布: 分布于我国河北、山西、 山东、江苏、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、广东、香港、广西、四川、河南、湖南、湖北、陕西、甘肃、贵州、云南、西藏等地。

 

 

Pharmacology

化学成分: 主含氨基酸、多肽、蛋白质、真菌溶菌酶（fungal lysozyme），以及糖类（还原糖和多糖）、麦角甾醇、三萜类、香豆精甙、挥发油、硬脂酸、苯甲酸、生物碱、维生素B2及C等；孢子还含甘露醇、海藻糖（trehalose）等。

 

 

Efficacy

药理研究结果表明，灵芝具有多方面的免疫功能，对机体免疫功能具有调节作用，其热水提取物能显著增强小鼠巨噬细胞吞噬功能，并可增强网状内皮系统廓清炭粒的能力。

Ganopoly is an aqueous polysaccharide fraction extracted from G. lucidum by patented biochemical technique and has been marketed as an over-the-counter product for chronic diseases including cancer and hepatopathy in many Asian countries. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Ganopoly in mice was estimated to be 100 mg/kg from a pilot study. Treatment of mice with oral Ganopoly for 10 days significantly reduced the tumour weight of sarcoma-180 in a dose-dependent manner, with inhibition rates of 32.3, 48.2 and 84.9% and growth delays of 1.5, 3.5, and 13.1 days at 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. Incubation of Ganopoly at 0.05-1.0 mg/ml for 48 hours showed little or negligible cytotoxicity against human tumor CaSki, SiHa, Hep3B, HepG2, HCT116 HT29, and MCF7 cells in vitro. In contrast, 10 mg/ml of Ganopoly caused significant cytotoxicity in all tumour cells tested except MCF7, with marked apoptotic effect observed in CaSki, HepG2, and HCT116 cells, as indicated by nuclear staining and DNA fragmentation. In addition, Ganopoly enhanced concanavalin A-stimulated proliferation of murine splenocytes by 35.3% at 10 mg/ml, and stimulated the production of nitric oxide in thioglycollate-primed murine peritoneal macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner over 0.05-10 mg/ml. Addition of Ganopoly at 1 mg/ ml to murine peritoneal macrophages also potentiated lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by 64.2%. Treatment of healthy mice or mice bearing sarsoma-180 with oral Ganopoly over 20-100 mg/kg for 7 day significantly increased the expression of both TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma (at both mRNA and protein levels) in splenocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment of Ganopoly over 20-100 mg/kg significantly increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte cytotoxicity and NK activity in mice. The overall findings indicated that Ganopoly had antitumor activity with a broad spectrum of immuno-modulating activities and may represent a novel promising immunotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment. (source)

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi, Lingzhi) is a popular Asian mushroom that has been used for more than 2 millennia for the general promotion of health and was therefore called the "Mushroom of Immortality." Ganoderma lucidum was also used in traditional Chinese medicine to prevent or treat a variety of diseases, including cancer. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells by downregulating Akt/NF-kappaB signaling. Ganoderma lucidum suppresses phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473 and downregulates the expression of Akt, which results in the inhibition of NF-kappaB activity in MDA-MB-231 cells. The biological effect of Ganoderma lucidum was demonstrated by cell cycle arrest at G0/G1, which was the result of the downregulation of expression of NF-kappaB-regulated cyclin D1, followed by the inhibition of cdk4. Our results suggest that Ganoderma lucidum inhibits the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by modulating Akt/NF-kappaB signaling and could have potential therapeutic use for the treatment of breast cancer. (source)

Results have demonstrated induction of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory action and differential cytokine expression during induced inflammation in the human colonic carcinoma cell line, HT-29. LZE caused no cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells at doses less than 10,000 microg/ml. Increasing concentrations of LZE reduced prostaglandin E2 production, but increased nitric oxide production. LZE treatment induced apoptosis by increasing the activity of caspase-3. RT-PCR showed that LZE at a concentration of 5000 microg/ml decreased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA. Among 42 cytokines tested by protein array in this study, supplementation of LZE at doses of 500 and 5000 microg/ml to HT-29 cells reduced the expression of interleukin-8, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-delta, vascular epithelial growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. These results suggest that LZE has pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory functions, as well as inhibitory effects on cytokine expression during early inflammation in colonic carcinoma cells, which may be of significance in the use of Chinese herbal alternative medicines for cancer prevention. (source)

IN VITRO:

  1. Tang W, et al., A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study of a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract in neurasthenia. J Med Food. 2005 Spring; 8(1):53-8.
  2. Kimura Y. New anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antitumor and antimetastatic actions of various compounds isolated from medicinal plants. In Vivo. 2005 Jan-Feb; 19(1):37-60.
  3. Stanley G, et al., Ganoderma lucidum suppresses angiogenesis through the inhibition of secretion of VEGF and TGF-beta1 from prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005 Apr 29;330(1):46-52.
  4. Gu YH, et al., Selective induction of apoptosis in murine skin carcinoma cells (CH72) by an ethanol extract of Lentinula edodes.Cancer Lett. 2005 Mar 18; 220(1):21-8.
  5. Boon H, et al., Botanical medicine and cancer: a review of the safety and efficacy. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 Dec; 5(12):2485-501.
  6. Zhang W, et al., [Progress in research on Ganoderma lucidium spore]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2004 Nov; 2(6):463-5. Review. Chinese.
  7. Lu QY, et al., Ganoderma lucidum extracts inhibit growth and induce actin polymerization in bladder cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Lett. 2004 Dec 8; 216(1):9-20.
  8. Jiang J, et al., Ganoderma lucidum suppresses growth of breast cancer cells through the inhibition of Akt/NF-kappaB signaling. Nutr Cancer. 2004; 49(2):209-16.
  9. Sun J, et al., Novel antioxidant peptides from fermented mushroom Ganoderma lucidum.J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Oct 20; 52(21):6646-52.
  10. Hong KJ, et al., Effects of Ganoderma lucidum on apoptotic and anti-inflammatory function in HT-29 human colonic carcinoma cells. Phytother Res. 2004 Sep; 18(9):768-70.
  11. Lu QY, et al., Ganoderma lucidum spore extract inhibits endothelial and breast cancer cells in vitro. Oncol Rep. 2004 Sep; 12(3):659-62.
  12. Hsiao WL, et al., Medicinal mushroom extracts inhibit ras-induced cell transformation and the inhibitory effect requires the presence of normal cells. Carcinogenesis. 2004 Jul; 25(7):1177-83.
  13. Cao QZ, et al., Antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2004 Jun; 25(6):833-8.
  14. Tomasi S, et al., Cytotoxic activity of methanol extracts from Basidiomycete mushrooms on murine cancer cell lines. Pharmazie. 2004 Apr; 59(4):290-3.
  15. Jiang J, et al., Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells PC-3. Int J Oncol. 2004 May; 24(5):1093-9.
  16. deVere White RW, et al., Effects of a genistein-rich extract on PSA levels in men with a history of prostate cancer. Urology. 2004 Feb; 63(2):259-63.
  17. Wachtel-Galor S, et al., Ganoderma lucidum ("Lingzhi"), a Chinese medicinal mushroom: biomarker responses in a controlled human supplementation study. Br J Nutr. 2004 Feb; 91(2):263-9.
  18. Iwatsuki K, et al., Lucidenic acids P and Q, methyl lucidenate P, and other triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation. J Nat Prod. 2003 Dec; 66(12):1582-5.
  19. Sliva D, et al., Biologic activity of spores and dried powder from Ganoderma lucidum for the inhibition of highly invasive human breast and prostate cancer cells. J Altern Complement Med. 2003 Aug; 9(4):491-7.
  20. Berovic M, et al., Submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum biomass and immunostimulatory effects of fungal polysaccharides. J Biotechnol. 2003 Jun 12; 103(1):77-86.
  21. Ning J, et al., Synthesis of beta-(1-->6)-branched beta-(1-->3) glucohexaose and its analogues containing an alpha-(1-->3) linked bond with antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003 May 15; 11(10):2193-203.
  22. Lin SB, et al., Triterpene-enriched extracts from Ganoderma lucidum inhibit growth of hepatoma cells via suppressing protein kinase C, activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and G2-phase cell cycle arrest. Life Sci. 2003 Apr 11; 72(21):2381-90.
  23. Miura T, et a., Isoflavone aglycon produced by culture of soybean extracts with basidiomycetes and its anti-angiogenic activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Dec; 66(12):2626-31.
  24. Li P, et al., [Isolation, purification and bioactivities of exopoly saccharides from fermented broth of Ganoderma lucidum]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 2000 Apr; 40(2):217-20. Chinese.
  25. Kimura Y, et al., Antitumor and antimetastatic effects on liver of triterpenoid fractions of Ganoderma lucidum: mechanism of action and isolation of an active substance. Anticancer Res. 2002 Nov-Dec; 22(6A):3309-18.
  26. Sliva D, et al., Ganoderma lucidum suppresses motility of highly invasive breast and prostate cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002 Nov 8; 298(4):603-12.
  27. Hu H, et al., Ganoderma lucidum extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell. Int J Cancer. 2002 Nov 20; 102(3):250-3.
  28. Ghafar MA, et al., Regression of prostate cancer following administration of Genistein Combined Polysaccharide (GCP), a nutritional supplement: a case report. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Aug; 8(4):493-7.
  29. Liu X, et al., Antitumor activity of the sporoderm-broken germinating spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Cancer Lett. 2002 Aug 28;182(2):155-61.
  30. Hsieh TC, et al., Mechanism of action of herbal supplement PC-SPES: elucidation of effects of individual herbs of PC-SPES on proliferation and prostate specific gene expression in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Int J Oncol. 2002 Mar; 20(3):583-8.
  31. Lee JM, et al., Inhibition of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage by Ganoderma lucidum. Phytother Res. 2001 May; 15(3):245-9.


IN VIVO:

  1. Gao Y, et al., Antitumor activity and underlying mechanisms of Ganopoly, the refined polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, in mice. Immunol Invest. 2005; 34(2):171-98.
  2. Kimura Y. New anticancer agents: in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antitumor and antimetastatic actions of various compounds isolated from medicinal plants. In Vivo. 2005 Jan-Feb; 19(1):37-60.
  3. Lu H, et al., A water-soluble extract from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Rei-shi) mycelia suppresses azoxymethane-induction of colon cancers in male F344 rats. Oncol Rep. 2003 Mar-Apr; 10(2):375-9.
  4. Lu H, et al., Prevention of development of N,N'-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumors by a water-soluble extract from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Rei-shi) mycelia in male ICR mice. Int J Mol Med. 2002 Feb; 9(2):113-7.
  5. Lu H, et al., Prevention of the development of preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci, by a water-soluble extract from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum (Rei-shi) mycelia in male F344 rats. Oncol Rep. 2001 Nov-Dec; 8(6):1341-5.

CLINICAL:

  1. Sliva D. Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) in cancer treatment. Integr Cancer Ther. 2003 Dec; 2(4):358-64. Review.
  2. Gao Y, et al., Effects of ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) on the immune functions in advanced-stage cancer patients. Immunol Invest. 2003 Aug; 32(3):201-15.

 

 

Safety

用药忌宜: 发热恶寒、鼻塞流涕之外感者不宜食用。

 

　
   
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