General

Scientific Names: Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

Common Names: Dan Sheng, Xue Sheng Gen, Chi Shen, Xue Shen, Hong Gen.

 

BOTANICAL:

来 源： 为唇形科植物丹参Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.根及根茎。

植物特征： 多年生草本。茎高40～80cm。叶常为单数羽状复叶；小叶3～7叶，卵形或椭圆状卵形。轮伞花序6至多花，组成顶生或腋生假总状花序，密生腺毛或长柔毛；苞片披针形；花萼紫色，2唇形；花冠蓝紫色，筒内有毛环，上唇镰刀形，下唇短于上唇，3裂，中间裂片最大。花期4～6月，果期7～8月。

植物资源分布: 生于山坡草地、林下、溪旁。主产四川、山西、河北、江苏、安徽。

生药材鉴定： 干燥根茎顶部常有茎基残余，根茎上生1至多数细长的根。根略呈长圆柱形，微弯曲，有时分支，其上生多数细须根，根长约10～25厘米，直径约0．8～1．5厘米，支根长约5～ 8厘米，直径约2～5毫米，表面棕红色至砖红色，粗糙，具不规则的纵皱或栓皮，多呈鳞片状剥落。质坚脆，易折断，断面不平坦，带角质或纤维性，皮部色较深，呈紫黑色或砖红色，木部维管束灰黄色或黄白色，放射状排列。气弱，味甘微苦。以条粗、内紫黑色，有菊花状白点者为佳。

 

 

Pharmacology

化学成分: 根含呋喃并菲醌类色素丹参酮 Ⅰ（TanshinoneⅠ）、丹参酮ⅡA（Tanshinone ⅡA）、丹参酮ⅡB（TanshinoneⅡB）、隐丹参酮（Cryptotanshinone）、异丹参酮Ⅰ（Isotanshinone Ⅰ）、异丹参酮 Ⅱ（Isotanshinone Ⅱ）、异隐丹参酮（Isocryptotanshinone）、丹参新酮（Miltirone）。另分离出丹参醇 Ⅰ（Tanshinol Ⅰ，C19 H24 O3,熔点129℃）和丹参醇Ⅱ （Tanshinol Ⅱ）。此外尚含维生素E，效用和麦芽相当。根主含二萜醌类色素，丹参酮 (tan-shinone)Ⅰ，ⅡA,ⅡB,隐丹参酮(cryptotanshinone),异丹参酮(isotanshinones)Ⅰ， Ⅱ，异隐丹参酮(isocryp-totanshinone),丹参新酮(miltirone),丹参酸甲酯(methyl tanshinonate),羟基丹参酮ⅡA(hydroxytan-shinone ⅡA),二氢丹参酮Ⅰ (dihydrotanshinone Ⅰ),丹参新醌甲、乙、丙，次甲丹参醌(methylene-tanshinquinoe)和鼠尾草酚(salviol)。另报道含铁锈醇(ferruginol)、△1-丹参新酮(△1- dehydromiltirone)、△1-丹参酮ⅡA(△1-dehydrotanshinoneⅡA)、丹参新醌丁 (danshenxinkun D)和1,2-二氢丹参醌等。除二萜醌类化物，尚含原儿茶醛(protocate-chuic aldehyde)、β-谷甾醇和D(+)β-(3,4- 二羟基苯基)乳酸(即丹参素，丹参酸甲)，以及缩羧酸化合物(salvianolic acids)A,E等。

 

  1. Li ZT, et al., [Chemical studies of Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba]. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 1991; 26(3):209-13. Chinese.

 

 

Efficacy

抗肿瘤作用： 通过对S180小鼠实验治疗观察显示，丹参能提高环磷酰胺的抗肿瘤活性。丹参加环磷酰胺使治疗组荷瘤小鼠的血清DP含量低于对照组荷瘤小鼠。

促进免疫功能: 动物实验证明，丹参能显著增加小白鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能，与同期生理盐水灌胃组相比，其吞噬百分率和吞噬指数，均非常显著升高（P<0.01）。纯种小白鼠经100%丹参液灌胃（0.5ml/20g）连续9天后[第四天起每只鼠以23：5（SRBC：NS，V/V）的绵羊红细胞悬液0.2ml腹腔注射致敏]，与同期生理盐水灌胃组相比，其溶血空斑形成细胞明显增多（p<0.01）。 (source)

Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) has been shown to benefit the circulatory system by its vasodilating and anti-dementia activity. The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of Yunzhi-Danshen capsules in post-treatment breast cancer patients. Eighty-two patients with breast cancer were recruited to take Yunzhi [50 mg/kg body weight, 100% polysaccharopeptide (PSP)] and Danshen (20 mg/kg body weight) capsules every day for a total of 6 months. EDTA blood samples were collected every 2 months for the investigation of immunological functions. Flow cytometry was used to assess the percentages and absolute counts of human lymphocyte subsets in whole blood. Plasma level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that the absolute counts of T-helper lymphocytes (CD4+), the ratio of T-helper (CD4+)/T suppressor and cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+), and the percentage and the absolute counts of B-lymphocytes were significantly elevated in patients with breast cancer after taking Yunzhi-Danshen capsules, while plasma slL-2R concentration was significantly decreased (all p < 0.05). Therefore, the regular oral consumption of Yunzhi-Danshen capsules could be beneficial for promoting immunological function in post-treatment of breast cancer patients. (source)

Tanshinone IIA, a major component extracted from the traditional herbal medicine, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is known to exhibit potent cytotoxicity against various human carcinoma cells in vitro. However, the mechanism by which tanshinone IIA produces this anti-tumor effect remains unknown. Since anti-neovascularization has generally been regarded as an effective strategy for anti-cancer therapy, we decided to investigate the mechanism underlying tanshinone IIA-mediated death of human endothelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate that tanshinone IIA elicits human endothelial cell death independent of oxidative stress. These events are partially calcium-dependent and actually dependent upon NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) activity. Tanshinone IIA induces an increase in intracellular calcium, which triggers the release of cytochrome c, thus causing loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), resulting in the subsequent activation of caspases. Blocking the induction of Ca2+ perturbation with BAPTA-AM partially rescued cells from tanshinone IIA-induced cytotoxicity. Additionally, blocking NQO1 activity with dicoumoral or inhibiting caspase activities with the general caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, prevented cell death induced by tanshinone IIA. Therefore, our results imply that tanshinone IIA-mediated cytotoxicity against human endothelial cells may occur through activation of NQO1, which induces a calcium imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction, thus stimulating caspase activity. (source)

Neo-tanshinlactone from Salvia miltiorrhiza was isolated and synthesized for the first time and evaluated in vitro against several human cancer cell lines. Compound 1 showed significant inhibition against two ER+ human breast cancer cell lines and was 10-fold more potent and 20-fold more selective as compared to tamoxifen citrate. Compound 1 also potently inhibited an ER-, HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer cell line. Therefore, this novel compound merits further development as an anti-breast cancer drug candidate. (source)

Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, commonly used to treat liver diseases in China for centuries. Several earlier studies have indicated that SM exhibits anti-tumor properties, but its mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the molecular mechanism of SM in a human hepatoma cell line, HepG(2). Our results show that SM exerted clear cytotoxic effects, and strongly inhibited the proliferation of HepG(2) cells. It was also observed that SM treatment caused apoptotic cell death as evaluated by: (a), morphological changes by using acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining; (b), DNA fragmentation by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL); and (c), sub-G(1) cell analysis. Furthermore, depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) and reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential were found to be involved in the initiation of apoptosis by SM. (source)


IN VITRO:

  1. Don MJ, et al., Nitrogen-containing compounds from Salvia miltiorrhiza. J Nat Prod. 2005 Jul; 68(7):1066-70.
  2. Yang LJ, et al., Tanshinone IIA isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza elicits the cell death of human endothelial cells. J Biomed Sci. 2005; 12(2):347-61.
  3. Hu Z, et al., Herb-drug interactions: a literature review. Drugs. 2005; 65(9):1239-82.
  4. Wang XJ, et al., Salvianic acid A protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+-induced cytotoxicity. Neurosci Res. 2005 Feb; 51(2):129-38.
  5. Wojcikowski K, et al., Medicinal herbal extracts--renal friend or foe? Part two: herbal extracts with potential renal benefits. Nephrology (Carlton). 2004 Dec; 9(6):400-5.
  6. Franek KJ, et al., In vitro studies of baicalin alone or in combination with Salvia miltiorrhiza extract as a potential anti-cancer agent. Int J Oncol. 2005 Jan; 26(1):217-24.
  7. Wang X, et al., Antitumor Agents. 239. Isolation, structure elucidation, total synthesis, and anti-breast cancer activity of neo-tanshinlactone from Salvia miltiorrhiza. J Med Chem. 2004 Nov 4; 47(23):5816-9.
  8. Zhang SH, et al., [Salvianolic acid A inhibits nucleoside transport and potentiates the antitumor activity of chemotherapeutic drugs]. Yao Xue Xue Bao. 2004 Jul; 39(7):496-9. Chinese.
  9. Chang JY, et al., Salvinal, a novel microtubule inhibitor isolated from Salvia miltiorrhizae Bunge (Danshen), with antimitotic activity in multidrug-sensitive and -resistant human tumor cells. Mol Pharmacol. 2004 Jan; 65(1):77-84.
  10. Yuan SL, et al., [Anticancer effect of tanshinone and its mechanisms]. Ai Zheng. 2003 Dec; 22(12):1363-6. Review. Chinese.
  11. Mosaddik MA, et al., In vitro cytotoxicity of tanshinones isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge against P388 lymphocytic leukemia cells. Phytomedicine. 2003 Nov; 10(8):682-5.
  12. Kim JY, et al., Induction of apoptosis by tanshinone I via cytochrome c release in activated hepatic stellate cells. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2003 Apr; 92(4):195-200.
  13. Yang XM, et al., [Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo following radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (report of 3 cases)]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 2000 Apr; 14(4):164-5. Chinese.
  14. Li HY, et al., Inhibition of tumor growth by S-3-1, a synthetic intermediate of salvianolic acid A. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2002 Dec; 4(4):271-80.
  15. Wen W, et al., China: a new medicine born of tradition. UNESCO Cour. 1979 Jul; 7:25-7.
  16. Chen XG, et al., Cancer chemopreventive activities of S-3-1, a synthetic derivative of danshinone. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2001; 3(1):63-75.
  17. Liu J, et al., Salvia miltiorrhiza inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG(2) cells. Cancer Lett. 2000 May 29; 153(1-2):85-93.
  18. Sung HJ, et al., Tanshinone IIA, an ingredient of Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE, induces apoptosis in human leukemia cell lines through the activation of caspase-3. Exp Mol Med. 1999 Dec 31; 31(4):174-8.
  19. Yoon Y, et al., Tanshinone IIA isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE induced apoptosis in HL60 human premyelocytic leukemia cell line. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999 Dec 15; 68(1-3):121-7.
  20. Chen X, et al., Inhibition of farnesyl protein transferase by monoterpene, curcumin derivatives and gallotannin. Anticancer Res. 1997 Jul-Aug; 17(4A):2555-64.


IN VIVO:

  1. Liu J, et al., Protection of salvia miltiorrhiza against aflatoxin-B1-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Fischer 344 rats dual mechanisms involved. Life Sci. 2001 Jun 8; 69(3):309-26.

 

CLINICAL:

  1. Wang CK, et al., Immunomodulatory activities of Yunzhi and Danshen in post-treatment breast cancer patients. Am J Chin Med. 2005; 33(3):381-95.
  2. Zhang YW, et al., [Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on hyperfibrinogen in patients with malignant lymphoma]. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1988 Oct; 8(10):607-8, 582. Chinese.

 

 

 

Safety

用药忌宜: 妇女月经过多及无瘀血者禁服，孕妇慎服。不宜与藜芦同用。

　
   
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