General

Scientific Names: Vitex rotundifolia L.

Common Names:Dan Ye Man Jing, Man Jing Shi, Jing Zi, Wan Jing Zi, Man Qing Zi, Man Jing, Bai Bei Mu Er, Shao Dao Dou Teng, Bai Bei feng, Bai Bei Cao.

BOTANICAL:

来 源： 为马鞭草科(Verbenaceae)植物单叶蔓荆或蔓荆的干燥成熟果实。

植物特征： 单叶蔓荆 Vitex rotundifolia L． 灌木，高约3m。小枝四棱柱形。单叶对生；叶倒卵形或卵形，长2—5cm，宽1．5—3cm，先端钝圆，基部阔楔形，全缘，上面绿色，具短毛和腺点，下面灰白色，密生绒毛和腺点；叶柄短。聚伞花序，顶生，长3—6cm，宽约2cm，花萼钟状，外面密被灰白色绒毛，先端5齿裂；花冠淡紫色，管状，长1—1．5cm，顶端5裂，中间裂片最大；蕊4，伸出冠筒外，花药个字形分叉；子房球形，密生腺点，花柱外伸，柱头2裂。核果球形，直径5—7mm，熟后黑色，有增大的宿存花萼包被。花期7—8月，果期8—9月。

生药材鉴定： 干燥果实圆球形，直径4～6毫米。表面灰黑色或黑褐色，被灰白色粉霜，有4条纵沟；用放大镜观察，密布淡黄色小点。底部有薄膜状宿萼及小果柄，宿萼包被果实的 1／3～2／3，边缘5齿裂，常深裂成两瓣，灰白色，密生细柔毛。体轻，质坚韧，不易破碎，横断面果皮灰黄色，有棕褐色油点，内分四室，每室有种子 1枚，种仁白色，有油性。气特异而芳香，味淡微辛。以粒大、饱满、气芳香、无杂质者为佳。

Pharmacology

化学成分: 单叶蔓荆果实和叶含挥发油， 主要成分为莰烯 (Camphene)和蒎烯(Pinene)，并含有微量生物碱和维生素 A； 果实中尚含牡荆子黄酮(Vitexicarpin)，即紫花牡荆。素(Casticin)。蔓荆果实含少量(0.01％)蔓荆子碱(Vitricin)。 果实含挥发油约0.16%，油中主成分为茨烯和蒎烯。此外，尚含黄荆素 (5,3'-dihydroxy - 3, 6, 7, 4'- tetramethoayflavone, vitexicarpin, casticin) 和γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid)及脂肪油约6.1%。 种子含艾黄素(5-hydroxy-3,6,7,3',4'-pentamethoayflavone, artemetin) 和黄荆素。

Efficacy

Luteolin, a flavonoid isolated from the fruit of Vitex rotundifolia, has been examined with regard to the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human myeloid leukaemia HL-60 cells. The concentration required for 50% inhibition of the growth after 96 h was 15 +/- 1.1 microM. The mode of cell death induced by luteolin was found to be apoptosis, as judged by the morphologic alteration of the cells and by the detection of DNA fragmentation using agarose gel electrophoresis. The degree of apoptosis was quantified by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay and flow cytometric analysis. These results suggest that luteolin may be used as potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. (source)

The inhibitory effect of rotundifuran, a labdane type diterpene isolated from the fruit of Vitex rotundifolia, on the proliferation of human myeloid leukaemia HL-60 cells was examined. The concentration required for 50% inhibition of the growth after 96 h was 22.5 microM. The mode of cell death induced by rotundifuran was found to be apoptosis, which was judged by the morphological alteration of the cells and by the detection of DNA fragmentation using agarose gel electrophoresis. The degree of apoptosis was quantified by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay and flow cytometric analysis. These results suggest that rotundifuran may be used as a potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent. (source)

Three polymethoxyflavonoids from the fruit of Vitex rotundifolia, namely 2',3',5-trihydroxy-3,6,7-trimethoxyflavone (Vx-1), vitexicarpin (Vx-5) and artemetin (Vx-6), were tested for their antiproliferative activity in human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. They showed a dose-dependent decrease in the growth of HL-60 cells. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition of the growth (IC50) after 96 h were 4.03 microM, 0.12 microM and 30.98 microM for Vx-1, Vx-5 and Vx-6, respectively. Treatment of HL-60 cells with the flavonoids induced morphological changes that are characteristic of apoptosis. We judged the induction of apoptosis by the detection of DNA fragmentation in agarose gel electrophoresis and the degree of apoptosis was quantified by a double-antibody sandwich ELISA and by flow cytometric analysis. The C-3 hydroxyl and C-8 methoxyl groups were found not to be essential for the activity, but the C-3' methoxyl instead of hydroxyl group lowered the antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing activity. These results suggest that the polymethoxyflavonoids isolated from V. rotundifolia may be used as potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents. (source)

Certain flavonoids having a C-2,3-double bond were reported to show an inhibitory activity against T-lymphocyte proliferation, but not against B-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. In the course of these studies, vitexicarpin (3',5-dihydroxy-3,4',6,7-tetramethoxyflavone) isolated from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia was found to show potent inhibition against lymphocyte proliferation. Vitexicarpin inhibited T-lymphocyte proliferation as well as B-lymphocyte proliferation at > 0.1 microM. IC50's were approximately 0.7 microM both for T- and B-cell proliferation. The inhibitory activity of vitexicarpin was reversible. Vitexicarpin also inhibited the growth of certain cancer cell lines, EL-4 and P815.9 (IC50 = 0.25-0.3 microM). These results suggest that vitexicarpin may be a potential therapeutic agent involved in inflammatory/immunoregulatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and lymphomas. (source)

IN VITRO:

1. Kobayawa J, et al., G2-M arrest and antimitotic activity mediated by casticin, a flavonoid isolated from Viticis Fructus (Vitex rotundifolia Linne fil.). Cancer Lett. 2004 May 10; 208(1):59-64.
2. Ko WG, et al., Effects of luteolin on the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human myeloid leukaemia cells. Phytother Res. 2002 May; 16(3):295-8.
3. Ono M, et al., New diterpenes and norditerpenes from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia. J Nat Prod. 2002 Apr; 65(4):537-41.
4. Ko WG, et al., Rotundifuran, a labdane type diterpene from Vitex rotundifolia, induces apoptosis in human myeloid leukaemia cells. Phytother Res. 2001 Sep; 15(6):535-7.
5. Ko WG, et al., Polymethoxyflavonoids from Vitex rotundifolia inhibit proliferation by inducing apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2000 Oct; 38(10):861-5.
6. You KM, et al., Vitexicarpin, a flavonoid from the fruits of Vitex rotundifolia, inhibits mouse lymphocyte proliferation and growth of cell lines in vitro. Planta Med. 1998 Aug; 64(6):546-50.
   
   
   
   

Safety

宜忌: 血虚有火之头痛目眩及胃虚者慎服。 ①《本草经集注》：“恶乌头、石膏。” ②《医学启源》： “胃虚入不可服，恐生痰。” ③《本草经疏》： “头目痛不因风邪，而由于血虚有火者忌 ④《本草汇言》：“痿痹拘挛不由风湿之邪，而由于阳虚血涸筋衰者勿用也；寒疝脚气不由阴湿外感，而由于肝脾羸败者亦勿用也。”