General

Scientific Names: Taxus cuspidata Sieb．et Zucc.

Common Names: Dong Bei Zi Shan , Dong Bei Hong Dou Shan, Zi Shan.

BOTANICAL:

来 源： 为红豆杉科植物东北红豆杉Taxus cuspidata Sieb．et Zucc．的干燥枝叶及树皮。

植物特征： 东北红豆杉为常绿乔木，高达20m，胸径达1m。树皮红褐色，有浅裂纹；枝条平展或斜上，密集，小枝直立。叶螺旋状着生，呈不规则两列，与小枝约呈45° 角斜展，条形，通常直，长15～25mm，宽2.5～3.5mm，基部窄，有短柄，先端骤尖，上面深绿色，中脉隆起，下面有2条灰绿色气孔带。雌雄异株； 球花单生叶腋。种子卵圆形，生于红色肉质的杯状或坛状假种皮中，熟时紫褐色，有光泽，长约6mm，上部有3～4条钝纵脊，先端有小凹尖，种脐通常三角形或 近方形，稀宽椭圆形。

生药材鉴定： 枝呈圆柱形，红褐色，嫩枝绿棕色，质坚硬，易折断，断面不整齐，外层红褐色，中部黄白色。叶排成不规则的两列，常呈“V”字形；叶线形，长15～25mm，宽2.5～3.5mm，反卷，表面暗绿色，有光泽，背面中脉隆起，有2条灰绿色气孔带，革质。气微香。

Pharmacology

紫杉醇是从红豆杉属植物中分离的一种具有独特抗癌作用的二萜类化合物，它与传统的抗癌药物不同，它不抑制DNA、RNA及蛋白质合成，其独特作用机制是促 进微管聚合、微管装配和微管的稳定化作用，从而阻止癌细胞的繁殖，这是迄今所发现的惟一具有这种作用的药物。近年来许多临床报道表明它对白血病、乳腺癌、 卵巢癌、肺癌，黑色素瘤和结肠癌等有明显疗效。

Efficacy

Cell suspension cultures of Taxus cuspidata produce taxanes that are released from the outer surface of cells into the culture medium as free and bound alkaloids. Paclitaxel (Taxol (TM)), is an anti-cancer drug in short supply. It has a taxane ring derived from baccatin III and a C-13 phenylisoserine side-chain. This drug is produced over a wide range of gravitational forces. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to paclitaxel, baccatin III, and the C-13 phenylisoserine side chain were combined in multiple-labeling studies to localize taxanes and paclitaxel on cell surfaces or on particles released into the culture medium. Bioreactor vessel design altered the composition of taxanes recovered from cells in simulated microgravity. At 10(-2) and 2x10(-4)g, taxane recovery was reduced but biomass growth and percent paclitaxel was significantly increased. At 1 to 24g, growth was reduced with a significant recovery of total taxanes with low percent paclitaxel. Bound paclitaxel was also localized in endonuclease-rich fragmenting nuclei of individual apoptotic cells. A model is presented comprising TCH (touch) genes encoding enzymes that modify taxane-bearing xylan residues in cell walls, the calcium-sensing of gravitational forces by the cytoplasm, and the predisposition of nuclei to apoptosis. This integrates the adaptive physiological and biochemical responses of drug-producing genomes with gravitational forces. (source)

IN VITRO:

1. Bai J, et al., Production of biologically active taxoids by a callus culture of Taxus cuspidata. J Nat Prod. 2004 Jan; 67(1):58-63.
2. Durzan DJ, et al., Taxane recovery from cells of Taxus in micro- and hypergravity. Acta Astronaut. 1998 Jan-Apr; 42(1-8):455-63.
3. Kobayashi J, et al., Multidrug resistance reversal activity of taxoids from Taxus cuspidata in KB-C2 and 2780AD cells. Jpn J Cancer Res. 2000 Jun; 91(6):638-42.
4. Sako M, et al., Highly increased cellular accumulation of vincristine, a useful hydrophobic antitumor-drug, in multidrug-resistant solid cancer cells induced by a simply reduced taxinine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1999 Dec 20; 9(24):3403-6.
5. Kobayashi J, et al., Modulation of multidrug resistance by taxuspine C and other taxoids from Japanese yew. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 1998 Jun 16; 8(12):1555-8.
6. Kobayashi J. [Search for new MDR modifier possessing taxane skeleton]. Nippon Rinsho. 1997 May; 55(5):1135-42. Review. Japanese.
7. Morita H, et al., Taxuspinananes A and B, new taxoids from Taxus cuspidata var. nana. J Nat Prod. 1997 Apr; 60(4):390-2.
8. Fett-Neto AG, et al., Improved growth and taxol yield in developing calli of Taxus cuspidata by medium composition modification. Biotechnology (N Y). 1993 Jun; 11(6):731-4.
   
   
   
   
   

Safety