General

Scientific Names: Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.

Common Names: Xuan Shen, Yuan Shen, Ze Xuan Shen, Hei Shen, Wu Yuan Shen.

BOTANICAL:

来 源： 玄参科植物玄参Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.的根。

植物特征： 多年生草本。根长圆柱形或纺锤形。茎具四棱，有沟纹。下部叶对生，上部叶有的互生，卵形至披针形，长10～15cm，边缘具细锯齿，齿缘反卷，骨质，并有突尖。聚伞圆锥花序大而疏散，轴上有腺毛；花萼5裂，裂片边缘膜片；花冠褐紫色，上唇长于下唇；退化雄蕊近圆形。蒴果卵形。花期7～8月，果期8～9月。

资源分布: 生于溪边、山坡林下及草丛中。主产浙江。

生药材鉴定： 根类圆柱形，中间略粗或上粗下细，有的微弯曲，长6～20cm，直径1～3cm。表面灰黄色或灰褐色，有不规则的纵沟、横向皮孔及稀疏的横裂纹和须根痕。质坚实，不易折断，断面黑色，微有光泽。气特异似焦糖，味甘、微苦、咸。

Pharmacology

化学成分: 含微量挥发油、植物甾醇、油酸、亚麻酸、糖类、左旋天冬酰胺及生物碱。

Efficacy

From cytotoxic extracts of the roots of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. (Scrophulariaceae) a new sugar ester, ningposide D (3-O-acetyl-2-O-p-methoxycinnamoyl-alpha(beta)-L-rhamnopyranose) (1) and a new iridoid glycoside, scrophuloside B4 (6-O-(2''-O-acetyl-3''-O-cinnamoyl-4''-O-p-methoxycinnamoyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl) catalpol) (2) along with known compounds: oleanonic acid (3), ursolonic acid (4), cinnamic acid (5), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic acid (6), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural (7) and beta-sitosterol (8) were isolated. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectral data (1, 2D NMR, EI, HRESI-MS and MS/MS). Oleanonic acid (3) and ursolonic acid (4) were found to be cytotoxic against a series of human cancer cell lines with IC50=4.6, 15.5 microM on MCF7; 4.2, 14.5 microM on K562; 14.8, 44.4 microM on Bowes; 24.9, 43.6 microM on T24S; 61.3, 151.5 microM on A549, respectively. Beta-sitosterol (8) inhibited Bowes cells growth at IC50=36.5 microM. Scrophuloside B4 (2) showed activity on K562 and Bowes cells at IC50=44.6, 90.2 microM, respectively. (source)

32 cases of postoperative osteogenic sarcoma treated by chemotherapy combined with Chinese medicinal herbs were compared with 26 similar cases as control group. The drugs used in chemotherapy consisted of two regimens, DDP and high-dose MTX plus VCR. The results showed that the side effects of chemotherapy in control group were consistent with literatures; while the group treated with Chinese medicinal herbs suffered less toxic effects, the difference between two groups was statistically significant. The medicinal herbs used to reduce the side effects induced by DDP was Pinellia ternata, Amomum cardamomum, Bambusa textilis, Citrus reticulata etc.; while the herbs used to alleviate the adverse effects of high-dose MTX plus VCR was Gypsum, Anemarrhena asphodeloides, Rehmannia glutinosa, Ophiopogon japonicus, Scrophularia ningpoensis, etc. (source)

IN VITRO:

1. Aguyen AT, et al., A sugar ester and an iridoid glycoside from Scrophularia ningpoensis. Phytochemistry. 2005 May; 66(10):1186-91.
   
   

CLINICAL:

1. Liu JQ, et al., [32 cases of postoperative osteogenic sarcoma treated by chemotherapy combined with Chinese medicinal herbs]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1993 Mar; 13(3):150-2, 132. Chinese.
   

Safety

用药忌宜: 不宜与藜芦同用。 脾胃有湿及脾虚便溏者忌服。《雷公炮炙论》：“使用时勿令犯铜，饵之噎人喉，丧人目。 ”《本草经集注》：“恶黄耆、干姜、大枣、山茱萸。反黎芦。”《本草经疏》：“血少目昏，停饮寒热，支满，血虚腹痛，脾虚泄泻，并不宜服。” 《医林纂要》：“虚寒则忌。”